Project Proposal for a Student Record Database Management System

Project Proposal for a Student Record Database Management System for Microtech found of multimedia scheme & Technology (MIMUT) TitleStudent Record Database Management System Centre describeWest African Chartered College Student NameMalamin Gassama IMIS Membership Number344029 Supervisor NameMr. Mike Topic Area Records Management Project TitleStudent Record Database Management System to keep bilk of students schedule process, course, class dates and tuition fees.IntroductionThis project is undertaken as a result of the Management team of Microtech Institute of Multimedia & Technology though it is necessary to develop a system that can keep track of their students enrolment processes, class start dates, courses chosen and tuition fee payment. With the above aim they should be able to ready access to the information mention in real time. This testament help the management to take decisions and too go out make the insert and finance staff work more organized.Database Manageme nt System and DataThe institution is experiencing a lot of student turn out to their various courses. Some do apply for quadruplicate courses at the same time. Some times files are being missing, which makes it very difficult to access a particular students record in regarding to personal information, class start dates and tuition fee payment. Justifications For the company Microtech Institute of Multimedia and Technology wishes to have a student record management system to keep record of the students enrolment process, course, class dates and tuition feesMicrotech Institute of Multimedia and Technology is please about the system (Database use) is to develop or implement and this will give me the opportunity to choose Microsoft admission 2007 as the database back end. For the student It will provide me with the opportunity for the first-time to design and develop a rich database management system for consumption by the Institute in real-time. Designing and implementation of the database system will be challenging and will also provide me with what its like in a real production environment to design and develop such type of system for business subprogram or purpose.Objectives A minimum of four Objective Activities 1. Analyse the works and duties of the Institute admission process. Deliverables Works with the members of staff in the admission department for hardly a(prenominal) days to observers the way they carry out student enrolment as well as the finance department in tuition collection unofficial of report explaining the function of the admission department. Who will use them and why The reports will help me through the development phase of the database model and schema. Objective Activities Deliverables Who will use them and why . Improve the work of the Institute admission Department. Creating of forms and queries and database model. User friendly Graphic User Interface with excitant, which the help the substance ab drug user to easily interact wi th the database. And input the correct data types in their respective fields. This will reduce the tendency of inputting the wrong figures. It will help the admission department to easily find and track students who did not complete their tuition fee, and whether if they are doing the right courses they apply for. Objective Activities DeliverableWho will use them and why 3. System testing. Allowing the Institutes admission Department staff and other members of staff as well to test the database application using dummy and live data. The data will include normal, valid and invalid data, and quantity. Come up with a ready and normal database management system ready for use. To ensure that the proposed database management application meets the users requirement and delivers their needs. Objective Activities Deliverable Who will use them and why4. User and Technical documentation.Produce a well explain user and technical documentation. Working copies of the user and technical documentat ions. Complete signing off of the proposed project. Resources Needed for Carrying out the Project Microsoft corporation to help me with the documentation of Microsoft Access database application license, features and technical requirement. HardwareA personal computer (PC) or a Lap cover song at least Pentium 3 processor, RAM size of it of at least 128 MB, Hard drive size of at least 40GB, Internal or external Network Interface Card of 10/100 mbps.SoftwareWindows Operating System (Window XP or later), Microsoft Office Access application (ms access 2007 or later), Antivirus software, Microsoft Office picture manager, Literature sourcesMicrosoft TechNet website, IMIS website, wikipedia and IT journals and library resources. Risks Type Gathering of required information from end users, to know what they want the application to do and functions. I. e. application requirements. Action to be taken if ariseFailure in gathering sufficient information for the start of the proposed project. Ty peEmerging of peeled technologies. Action to be taken if ariseWith new technologies comes up that I need to learn for the successful completion of the proposed project then I cleverness need to have extra lectures after college hours, do research on the internet, self study and professional help if possible. TypePolitical risk e. g. changes of top management of the institution. Action to be taken if ariseThe new management will be updated about the project, so that they can know exactly the general development process and benefits to the institution. Investigation PlanSteps to be takenGathering of required materials like articles, books and published papers in student record management. Search on the internet for readymade student record management system application packages on the market (Trials Versions) and review their features. This can help me through be project development phase. as well as journals and magazines on the use of software for student record management and h ow this can boost business productivity if it is automated. Books/Articles read CADLE, J & YATES, D (2001), Project Management For Information System, Third Edition.Pearson Education. LAUDON, KC & LAUDON, JP (2004), Management Information Systems-managing the digital firm, Eighth Edition. Pearson Education. WARD, J & PEPPARD, J (2002), strategic Planning For Information Systems, Third Edition. John Wiley & Sons. THOMAS CONNOLLY, CARLYN Database systems-A practical approach to Design, Implementation, and Management. Forth Edition. Addision Wasley. Internet sites include http//www. google. com http//www. wikipedia. com Project Development Plan Giant chart with milestones CHART FOR STUDENT RECORD MANAGEMENT DATABASE APPLICATION FOR MIMUTWBS WBS DESCRIPTION START END DURATION 1 Project Management 10/08/2011 12/12/2011 22 Weeks 2 Investigations 10/08/2011 24/08/2011 2 Weeks 3Systems Requirements 17/08/2011 21/09/2011 5 Weeks 4 Design 21/09/2011 06/12/2011 11Weeks 5Implementation A nd military rating 06/10/2011 27/12/2011 3 Weeks 6 Testing 19/10/2011 27/12/2011 10 Weeks 7 Documentation 25/08/2010 12/01/2012 20 Weeks Supervisors CommentsSupervisors must make comments about what was discussed with the student. How would the project be tackled/completed? What problems may they anticipate? What additional training is required?Also what are the students weak areas, and what they have to do to overcome them? Finally is the project fit for purpose? The following are not refreshing 1) a good project, 2) I am of the impression that it is suitable, 3) good, etc. Reasons for comments Areas of concern Additional support required General guidance/comments Letter of Agreement A letter of agreement from the employer must be attached for all projects containing work-based material. Signature of Student Signature of Supervisor Date of Agreement NB Electronic signatures will be accepted.

Political philosophy Essay

John Locke John locke was an English philosopher who was born in 1632 in Wrington, Somerset in England. His father was a country lawyer and milittary man who served as a captain during the English civil war. He went to Westminster school in 1647 and in 1652 to Christ Church in Oxford. Locke immersed himself in logic, metaphysics and classic languages. He graduated with a bachelors of medicine in 1674. He became the recrudesce of English loyal society in 1668. Locke met Anthony Ashley who was a parlimentarian in 1666 in Shaftesburry and became friend with him.He later on was appointed as a doc in Shaftesbury household in 1667. In that year he supervised a dangerous liver operation on shaftesburry and the operation was successful. When the Shaftesburys compaign to counter the Catholic duke of York from Royal succession was failed, the Earl was forced to leave England to Holland in 1682. Locke went to Holland a year after his patron and returned to England in 1688 after the Glorious R evolution had determined the Protestant William III on the throne.John locke expressed his views that it is the obligation of the government to serve the people by protecting life, liberty and property. He was in choose of a representative government and rule of law. He said that if the government is unable to protect individuals then the people should revolt. In 1690 he wrote a an set about Concerning Human Understanding. An Essay of Human Understanding is divided in four books. In these books he expresses that human mind is complete at birth tabula rasa surmise ,but the mind can grow and acquire much more knowledge through experiences as we grow up.John Locke published Two Treatises of Government in 1689. Who wrote about the birth of the civil government in these treatises. He thought that the people can act evil and wicked, but they can also self-regulate themselves and be good. He thought that the government should remove three branches Legislative, Executive and Federativ e. John Locke was the against the King, he thought that the people should have the right to choose their leaders by voting. The people should revolt if the government fails to protect their properties, liberty and their lives.He stated that the right to property should be given to those people who put hard dally and labor into it. In 1689, John Locke published A Letter Concerning Toleration. These letters are about the freedom of religion. He said that as human beings we have to right to follow whatever religion we want and the church does not have right to persecute people and convert them to christianity by force. John Locke mean that if different religions are prevented of being practiced in a society then it will create a conflicts in the society.

Retention Policy on BS Tourism

INTRODUCTIONThe impact of the knowledge base touristry had make a significant spearhead in these recent classs due to the rise in world economies and upsurge in global domestic consumption, which government issueed to high domestic electrical capacity of individuals to consume and purchase. One of the set up beneficiaries of this high purchasing power and consumption is the world tourism sector, which relies from the chain of global interdependency of its change and complex actors from the international and national down to the domestic and local level.The Philippines is superstar of the more diversified and intercultural countries in the world apart from the beautiful sceneries and beaches it could offer. It is ace of the reasons that in the recent years, there is a consistent inflow of tourists, whether local or foreign, to the world-renowned tourist spots in the country. Thus, there is a renaissance in the tourism sector and industry. Furthermore, the tourism sector had contributed 5. 9% to the countrys Gross Domestic Product in 2011 as per the National statistical Coordination Board.The tourism sector had in its manpower 3.8 million employees, or 10. 2 percent of national employment in 2011, according to data gathered by the National Statistical Coordination Board. As a result on this on-going growth, the touristry sector requires the qualified manpower, which would cater the demands of this sunrise industry. The want of skilled and qualified manpower in the tourism Industry in the Philippines necessitates the importance of proper and abstract skills and training for the trainees and students in the Vocational, Technical and Tertiary academe, who vie to enter the tourism and hospitality sector.One of these institutions offering the ofttimes needed education and training suitable for the requirement of the tourism sector is the Lyceum of the Philippines University. The Lyceum of the Philippines University is one of the premiere universities in the country and one of the prime movers on the academe of global competitiveness. The university had appropriately seen the result in the upsurge in world and domestic tourism sector and recognized the importance of introducing white-tie education in the tertiary level, which caters the manpower needs of this growing sector.One of these courses offered is the Degree Bachelor of Science in touristry, among opposites in the related field. Nonetheless, one of the focal point in the academe is the quality of graduates with the highly specialized field of expertise they may offer to their potential employers. Furthermore, the Lyceum of the Philippines University, through the College of International Tourism and cordial reception Management, had introduced the retentivity indemnity in the B. S Tourism course, in order to ensure, the academic excellence of their students in this particular course.This retention indemnity is the requirement of at least a general point number of 2. 75, in order for a student to remain in the course program. If the students failed to pass the 2. 75 average, he or she is required to follow the following rules all students GPA should be 78 (2. 75) or higher 1st offense = the student will be given a verbal warning second offense = students maximum load will be reduced by 3 units 3rd offense = students maximum load will be reduced by 6 units 4th offense = the student will be expelledHence, this research question arises from the foregoing What ar the impacts, advantages and disadvantages of the Universitys Retention Policy over the tourism students of Lyceum of the Philippines University. Background of the Study Lyceum of the Philippines University is one of the prime universities located in the heart of the Metro. The Retention Policy is designed to maintain the high bill of hospitality education in LPU in order to meet the requirements of the profession. This research bring will declare oneself vital information, on how the retention policy can affect the standards of students and the faculty in the university.This research would steering on the freshmen and sophomore students B. S. Tourism since they would be greatly affected by the Retention Policy as compared to the Junior and Senior students in the program. Firstly, since the first and second years in the tertiary level deals chiefly on the General Subjects in the curriculum as compared to the third and fourth years, whom the student focus their forethought with their major subjects and on-the-job training.Secondly, the first and second year students are in a situation when every they areforced to enter the program since it is the in-demand and fad courses or convinced by their parents and peers or thorn of the moment, as compared to the third and fourth years, where they had decided that this would be their career for life. Lastly, the subjects were chosen, since they comprise the bulk of the students in the course. at that place would be a c omparative mull in terms on the advantages and disadvantages of the retention policy. The comparison would be the advantages and disadvantages on the perspective of the students involved as opposed to the standing of LPU in the academic community.Statement of the Problem This train aims to answer this question What are the advantages and disadvantages of Retention Policy of the Lyceum of the Philippines University on 1st year Tourism students in terms of a. study habbit b. students perspective towards the new rules that the school will implement pertaining to retention policy Objectives of the Study This study aims to attain the followingTo know the advantages of Retention Policy to 1st year Tourism Students To know the disadvantages of Retention Policy to 1st year Tourism Students To know the effect in study habbit of students regarding Retention PolicyHypothesis of the Study Lyceum of the Philippines University Manila will be implementing new selective Retention Policy starting First Semester of next school year. All students GPA should be 78 (2. 50) higher or else they have to follow some regulations regarding of the new policy. The action proposed by the participants is to have a better judgment about the impacts, advantages, and disadvantages of retention policy to the tourism students of LPU as perceived by the students. Significance of the Study Administrators of LPU-Manila.This study will be of significance to the Administrators of the university, for their better implementations of the rules and regulations within the campus, specially those that concerns the image of the institution and the welfare of their students. LPU-Manila Tourism Students. Awareness of this study would help the tourism students to be aware of their education and standards of the school. This study will besides help them hone their skills and expertise in the field of Tourism Management. This research, in a way, can as well as inspire them on how they can be more productiv e and better citizens for the betterment of their future.Future Researchers. This research is consequential for those future researchers, who will conduct a study similar, or in relation to the above topic, for this to avail as their reference or guide. They can also improve other areas that will not be cover during the duration of this study. Scope and Limitations This study will embodies on the advantages and disadvantages of retention policy to the 1st year tourism students. Due to the limited time frame for this research to be conducted, this study will no longer dwell on other factors aside from those who mention in this study.Aside from the time frame, the researchers will also limit their respondents to 100 LPU-Manila Tourism Students especially the freshmen and sophomore since they would be greatly affected by the Retention Policy as compared to the Junior and Seniors students in the program for in-depth study, and a probable up close reference that will be relevant to th is research Definition of Terms In order to understand emphatically what the researcher wants to convey in this work, the following terms and phrases are defined Complex a multitude of culture traits relating to a single activity, wait on or culture unit.Whole made up complicated or interrelated parts. Consumption Major concepts in economics and also studied by many other social studies. The act or process of consuming resources. Diversified reducing take chances by place in a variety of assets. One of the two general techniques for reducing investment risk. Any risk averse investors will diversity to at least some extent with more risk averse investors diversifying more completely than less risk averse investors. To increase the variety of the product. To balance defensively by dividing funds among securities of different industries or different classes.Influx arrival or entry of large number of concourse or thing. A coming in examples an in influx of tourists. Inter- c ultural form of communication that aims to voice information across different cultures and social group. It used to describe the wide range of communication process and problems that naturally appear with in a organization made up of individuals from the different religions, social, ethnic and educational background. Competence is the ability to communicate effectively and appropriately with people of other cultures.Inter- dependency a kin in which each member is mutually dependent on the others. This concept differs from dependence and some are not. Man power the number of people working or accessible for work or service. force play available or supplied by the physical effort of human beings and the total supply of person available and fitted for a service. Renaissance a cultural movement the spanned the period roughly from the 14th to 17th century, ascendant in Italy in the Late Middle Age and later spreading to the rest of Europe.Contributed the development of the conve ntions of statecraft and in science an increased reliance on observation. Retention the act of retaining. The conduction of being retained, capacity or power of retaining. An ability to recall or recognize what has been learned or experience. Spearhead somebody who leads or initiates an activity. Influence in an undertaking or development. To serve as leating element. Upsurge the strength or quantity of something. A rapid or sudden rise. World renowned widely know an acclaimed.

The Baderman Island Resort Word Processing Software Upgrade

Smith Systems Consulting is IT services leadr delivering business and righteousness automation solutions country wide. We pee-pee expertise in project management, software application design, deployment and support. We also support computing hardware and network inst apiece(prenominal)ation services. To provide Baderman the most suitable word impact solution, our experts have worked out a plan comprising of three staged project plan based on period tested proprietary standards. Need Assessment Our experts lead be involved in identifying current as well as future word processing needs for both users at Baderman.This activity leave include documenting all features currently used such as word processing, background knowledge make, web publishing etc. Consultants leave conduct interviews throughout the organization to document and compile an exhaustive in-use feature list. We testament also collect valuable information about the current hardware and software configurations such, versions of operating systems, retentivity and processing power, currently used word processing software etc. Our IS auditors will collect all policies, procedures and guidelines governing the purchase, use and upgrade of computer hardware and software at Baderman.The objective of need assessment is to document all the requirements from various business units. It is an essential element of developing a business-case for any(prenominal) recommended solution. This business-case will help management understand the utility of such an investment, and create the executives buy-in necessary for the mastery of such a project. Product Identification Following need-assessment we will provide details of product(s) identified to lift out suit the current and future needs at Baderman. Our goal during this phase will be to provide a choice of favorions supported by data collected during need-assessment.The management may decide to opt for mix of products for different section such as word processing software for many and desktop publishing, web authoring systems for communication and marketing etc. Our proposed solution will accommodate such possibilities to avoid any repeat of work. As standard procedure we will also submit an impact analysis for each of the chosen products, on the currently deployed infrastructure. This will help develop accurate budget and expenditure forecast. performance The implementation phase will be further divided into three stages.Each stage will quarry a conclave of workers chosen to minimize loss of productivity in operational activities. First group will comprise of top managers from all the various business units. Installation and training will be provided to these leaders and consultants will monitor the progress continuously. These managers will provide the necessary momentum required to successfully implement the change at lower level. This exercise will create stake holders at department level ready to take a lead in adopt ing new solutionNext in line will be line managers reporting to lead managers, and lastly all the knowledge workers using word processing software will be targeted. Following a strict step by step government activity will allow deployment and training teams to focus attention on groups. This will deliver measurable and quotable process for adoption of upgrades or new technology. We strive to provide the best quality of service to all our customers. Our planners, consultants and engineers will provide the right mix of skills and expertise to deliver favorable results.

Financial Detective Essay

Health Products family A is Johnson & Johnson, which is a diversified manufacturer of ethical drug pharmaceuticals, health and beauty aids, over-the-counter drugs, and medical checkup devices. social club B is Pfizer Inc., which develops, manufactures, and markets patented pharmaceuticals such as Liptor and Celebrex. The near significant strategic differences between the two firms lie in their product mix and their customer focus. J&J sells most of its products directly to the consumer while Pfizer sells exclusively to doctors and institutions.Firm B has intangibles worth to a greater extent than doubly as much as firm A, which may shine firms Bs high investment in R&D. Firm B may in addition know high(prenominal) intangibles due to their ownership of patents and its investments in licensing ar orbital cavityments.Firm Bs gross permissiveness is more than 12% high than phoner As, which reflects the high(prenominal) input cost for community As medical diagnostics and de vices product segment. bon ton A has a far quicker entry turnover than save troupe B. community B sells almost exclusively to institutions and pharmacies, which usually take longer to exhaust their supplies compargond to companionship A, who markets its consumer products to retailers, which wee a higher turnover orientations.Many of caller-out As and Bs products argon branded consumer products that command a price premium. However, fellowship Bs premium is higher, reflecting the benefits of patent fortress on prescription pharmaceuticals, and the additional returns needed to support company Bs astronomical R&D efforts.Beer caller-out C is Anheuser-Busch Companies Inc., which is a producer and marketer of a number of mass-market beers such as Budweiser, Michelob, and Busch. caller-up D is the Boston Beer Company, which is the seller of the popular SamAdams line of beers. Boston beers products be part of a microbrew.Company Ds proportion of cash and cash equivalents, which is super higher than company Cs show their materialistic admission to its financial management.Company C shows a relatively high level of PP&E, which is consistent with its status as a major brewery. Company D has much trim down lucre fixed additions since much of their operations are outsourced. Company C also has higher fixed assets due to its other(a) holdings such as theme parks.Company D has higher gross utility, consistent with the premium pricing of its specialty brews versus the mass-marketing approach that was taken by company C. However, company Cs net profit margin is almost triple times greater than company Ds. This may reflect the economies of scale that company C can achieve through its large surface.Company Ds current assets to current liabilities ratio is three times greater than company Cs, whose current ratio is less than one. That is illustrating a careful financial approach.The commitment to financially conservative policies is shown with company Ds rel atively low level of debt.Company Cs mass-market approach shows a significantly higher inventory turnover than company Ds turnover.Company Ds asset turnover is much higher due to the outsourcing. Company Cs dismantle turnover is consistent with a firm that owns its manufacturing facilities as swell up as asset-intensive theme parks.ComputersCompany E is Dell Inc., a worldwide manufacturer and direct marketer of built-to-order computers and related equipment. Company F is orchard apple tree ComputerInc., a manufacturer of a highly differentiated group of personal computers, software, and consumer electronics. This is motivated by the differentiation where company E seeks to sell a relatively high volume of trim-margin products, while company F attempts to sell an adequate volume of higher margin products.The computer and software industry is extremely volatilizable, which company F has experienced. Company F has extremely large holdings of cash and cash equivalents, which may do their efforts to insure the company against any future difficulties.Company E has a higher portion of A/P, which may reflect a higher degree of supplier financing.Company F has a lower COGS percentage, which reflects both its premium pricing and the lower cost associated with software production. Company Es COGS is higher due to its strategy of making money on volume rather than from individual product margins.Company F has higher gross profit than company E due to its premium pricing. However, Company Es net profit margin is almost twice as large as company Fs, which reflects their low-cost focus.Company E has low cost mail-order strategy, which leads to a lower SG&A percentage compared to company Fs who goes with a more unique retail store concept.Company F has a higher receivables turnover, which reflects the fast payments made by consumers in the form of credit card purchasers.Company Es asset turnover is more than twice as large as company Fs. This might reflect Es strategy a s an assembler of components that pass been manufacture by its supplier.Books and MusicCompany G is Amazon.com, the online retailer of books and music plus a variety of other consumer goods. Company H is Barnes & Noble, Inc., the largest bookseller in the United States. The main difference between the two is that one be an established, traditional retailer and the other being a relatively new online business.Company G has more than half of its assets in cash and cash equivalents, which could be explained by its carefulness in a volatile online retail business.Company H has significantly higher proportion of inventory than company G be bm they have to maintain stocks of books, CDs, and videos at all of its stores, whereas company G can keep limited inventory at its distribution centers.Company G obviously has a significantly lower net fixed asset due to being an online retailer compared to having multiple stores to sell its merchandise.More than half of company Gs percentage of tot al liabilities and equity is comprised of long-term debt. This is most likely due to its issues of being able to pitch capital after the dot-com bust environment.Company Gs beta is more than three times higher than company Hs, which shows a relatively higher risk of company G. Company G just recently started to show positive net income.Company G is able to keep a higher inventory turnover since they dont have to sit with a bevy of inventory on hand at all times compared to company H who has to store its inventory in their store, which lowers their turnover.Company H has a regular discount strategy, which could explain their lower net profit margin.Paper ProductsCompany I is the International Paper Company, a large, vertically integrated paper products manufacturer. Company J is the Wausau paper Paper Corporation, a small, specialty-papers operation. The distinctions between the firms arise primarily from their scale and scope.Company J carries more than twice the rate of company I , which may be the case due to its smaller size it requires the firm to carry a higher proportion of inventory in order to satisfy its demanding customers.Company I has a material lower percentage of COGS than company J, even though the raw materials are essentially the same. This illustrates the benefits of Company I having its own forests and lumber operations and their ability to negotiate lower volume-prices.Company Is SG&A expenses are higher than Js, which probably reflect the higher costs associated with being a large company.Hardware and ToolsCompany K is Black and Decker Corporation, which manufactures and markets a broad range of power tools. Company L is Snap-on Inc., also a manufacturer of tools and other hardware, but the company is cognise for its high quality merchandise and for its direct gross sales to professional mechanics and commercial technicians.Company L has a higher percentage of receivables compared to Ks. This result occurs because K markets directly to professional end-users and provides financing, which may cause delays in repayment. On the other hand, company L primarily sells its merchandise to large retailers, which may have more regular payment schedules.Company K sells lower-priced products intended for the consumer market, whereas company L markets higher margin precision tools for the commercial customer. Therefore, Company Ls gross profit percentage is measurablehigher than Ks.Company L has a higher SG&A expenses, which corresponds to the costs associated with maintaining its large direct sales force.Company Ls payout ratio is more than four-and-a-half times greater than Ks, which may signal its need to maintain a high rate of reinvestment to remain competitive.RetailingCompany M is Wal-Mart Stores Inc., which is well known for the breadth of its merchandise and its low price strategy. Company N is Target Corporation, which also is a discount retailer, however target appeals to its customers more upscale tastes.Company N has much higher receivables than M, reflecting Ns substantial credit activities.Company M has higher inventory levels relative to N, which may reflect the companys commitment to providing a vast selection of goods.Company N has relatively lower COGS percentage, reflecting its fuller price for designer-made products. M offers low prices, which would result in a higher COGS percentage.Company M has a higher receivable turnover due to its lower use of credit sales.NewspapersCompany O is Lee Enterprises, the owner of a number of small newspapers in the Midwest. Company P is New York clock Company, and their strategic difference between the two entities is along the centralization/decentralization dimension. Company P has a centralizedstrategic approach while company O has a decentralized approach.Company P, who has a centralized approach, has a significantly higher level of net fixed assets than O.K bears some of the features of a decentralized operation, since its intangibles compris e almost 77% of total assets, which suggests the existence of substantial goodwill.Company Ps level of COGS is lower than Os, which suggests that as a larger centralized company, P may be in a better position to negotiate for volume discounts than O.Although O is decentralized, the case shows that they have more or less lower SG&A expenses than P. One example to this could be that high prices may be masking a relatively high SG&A expense.Company Os P/E ratio is higher than Ps, which may indicate the expectations of growth for O. As the dominant player on a larger scale, P may be unable to grow through strategic acquisition.Os net profit margin is higher, which may reflect the local monopolies, or at least less consuming competition outside of the major metropolitan newspaper markets.

Power point use in work envirnoment Essay

Cynthia Computer Application-205 Microsoft Word, outstrip, and PowerPoint Microsoft Word-Microsoft Corporation was founded in 1975 lead global in the increase and production of software and software-related services and solutions. Initially kn take in for home computers, Microsoft, headquartered in Washington, now offers various in operation(p) systems and software for desktop computers. This multinational company strives to help the worldwide phone line community improve faculty and productivity. In recent years, this company has battled criticism concerning what some consider monopo mentionic, anti-competitive business practices.Despite legal setbacks including fair violations sanctioned by the US Department of Justice, Microsoft remains a major player in its field. In todays business environment demands the sharing of data, mobile technology and speedy communication. Microsoft provides dents enabling business to be productive and communicate effectively regardless of locati on. Outlook serves as the portal for e-mail, tasks, calendar and contacts. Microsoft subprogram line workspace, boasting online storage space, enables drug ab utilisationrs to save access and share documents throughout the world.Mobile Technology same(p) smartphones, which supply the user with advanced computing options allow you to stay connected to businesses. Microsoft office Accounting read 2008 offers small start-up or at home businesses a resource for accounting processing and procedures. The software includes invoices, cypher and finance template and profit and loss statements. Office Excel surpasses manual, paper-based spreadsheets in terms of ease of use and accuracy. Businesses confront an ever-growing number of security threats. Many businesses elect to use Microsoft Vista operating system as a measure to protect their data.Vista boasts account control, troubleshooting and diagnostic features and spyware blocker. Microsoft Security Essentials, introduce in 2009, offe rs antimalware solutions at no cost to con fiters who use Genuine Windows-based PCs. Large business may choose Microsoft Windows Vista crowning(prenominal) Ultimate offers Bit Lockers Drive Encryption for maximum data protection. Microsoft lost its standing as the in the lead global software company in May 2010. Apple, once on the verge of extinction concentrate on innovative, new consumer products to generate growth a popular line of hand-held devices contributed to the companys surge in profitability.In contrast, Microsoft, despite sporadic new systems releases, primarily lies mainly on preserving the living business. Although Microsoft remains a strong player in the market, the company continues to face stiff competition. PowerPoint is an excellent tool for employee training and online learning. Business owners and company managers can use the programs to create compelling and interactive slide shows to plant new products, train new workers and help existing customers get th e most(prenominal) out of the products they buy. In particular there are a great many advantages to using PowerPoint as an online learning tool.One of the most powerful things about PowerPoint is the fact that it can corporate animation features and clip art. Its ability to incorporate tidy is another powerful benefit of PowerPoint as an online learning tool. The sound functions of this program can make the slide show more interactive and less boring, and too can encourage visitors to stay with the training. Companies can use this interactive feature of PowerPoint to overcome problems and make their training sessions compelling. PowerPoint contains a number of powerful interactivity tools that makes it easy for users to call for the attention of the entire online audience.The improvement done to Excel 2007 and Excel 2010 is the ability to group the dates in the dropdown list into years and months. That means you dont have to create a new column to draw the years and months of e ach row using Excel formulas. In Excel 2010, you can customize your own Ribbon tab. It can be used as commands in one place. In this way you do not have to click from one tab to another to find your commonly used command. In the earlier years of Excel (2003 and below), sorting can only be done based on the color coding in the cell, Not only that, you can also sort the records by the caseful color.Thats new in Excel 2002 and 2010. Multiple conditional is not made easy Excel 2007 and 2010. In the older Excel version 2003 and below, we are to count based on one angiotensin-converting enzyme condition. When using Excel 2003, multiple conditions sum has to be done using the formula SUMPRODUCT or cartel all the conditions into one before applying the formula SUMIF to data. With the new Excel 2007, you can now easily sum up the values based on more than one condition by using the SUMIFs fomula.

Bystander Intervention

Bystander Intervention 1-Social psychological science Eye Skip to contentHomeAb give awayDisclaimerFeatured Journals new(a)s Editors Bystanders just standing by. When do battalion cooperate and when do they non? stick on on March 13, 2011 by ezaiser 1 Comment By Erica Zaiser Understanding when and why population interject to befriend separate(a)s, or when they dont, is at the heart of cortele visit dial psychology. All school-age childs of psychology lease the famous field of study of mass Genovese, whose screams while beingness attacked shited to elicit admirer oneself from the nearly 40 bystanders. close to research on bystander intervention has tack that the size of the group greatly imp puzzle proscribeds the same(p)lihood of intervention.Too cock-a-hoop of a group and everybody shifts obligation assuming that nearone else get out sustain scarcely the more than race the minute in all probability that any single set out behind help. It master ms hard to imagine that populate would non help when soul is in trouble, wounded, or in danger, yet it happens tout ensemble the time. Recently I myself stumblight-emitting diode upon a jibe of bystander non-intervention which I stupefy since struggled to understand. The an opposite(prenominal) day while walking home I came upon a earthly misgiving running up and down the channel with no shoes or coat holding a phone out shouting at the citizenry on the street and stopping cars banging on the windows.I took a second to survey the scene and it was fix this man was trying to get roughlything from those somewhat him. However nobody was closureing him and none of the cars thus far rolled down their windows to listen. I heard his head phrases tawdry and clear, albeit in broken English, How to predict an ambulance? Still nobody was saying anything. I shouted to him that he indispens fit to mobilize 999 and he came all over profusely grateful for my help and I hel ped him set out his need conjure and assisted him and his family until paramedics could arrive. His m different had f wholeen unconscious in their flat and he had run into the street esperate to hunch forward how to c either requisite services in this country. I learned that he and all his family was from eastern europium and they knew very myopic English. He also told me that he had been trying to get the number for quite some time scarce nobody had been instinctive to help. Having read work on bystander behaviour I shouldnt boast been that surprised that nobody helped but the built in bed just didnt fit the common tactual sensation that with greater numbers passel are less likely to help. Most of the famous adventures involving non- circumstances behaviour has been inwardly large assemblys. on that point were maybe 7 or 10 deal on the street when I arrived. Most were just standing and watching. I dont demand a great answer for why people didnt help, maybe they c ouldnt understand his question but it seemed quite clear to me. Maybe they feared that it was some type of scam.. but certainly it loafert hurt to ordain soul a phone number. take down more frustrating than not understanding the lack of help was the sneak suspicion that had he been British, white, or at to the lowest degree a native English speaker, maybe mortal would commence helped. Research by Levine and colleagues suggests that in that respect dexterity be an element of truth to that.In a study of non-intervention, their research suggests that bystanders are more than more likely to help people when they feel that the soul seeking assistance is part of their ingroup. This effect holds true compensate when controlling for the severity of the situation and the ruttish arousal felt by bystanders. In some former(a)wise words, no matter how bad the situation or how badly the bystanders felt, they were still less likely to help when the dupe was an outgroup section. - This all makes sense from a social psychological perspective and logical arguments up with other research.People tend to be pay defend better to people in their own group in general. and seeing it play out was still a shortsighted depressing. 2-Masculinity inhibits helping in emergencies disposition does predict the bystander effect. By Tice, Dianne M. Baumeister, Roy F. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 49(2), Aug 1985, 420-428. Abstract tried and true 4 competing hypotheses (masculinity as enhancer, femininity as enhancer, interactive, masculinity as inhibitor) regarding the potential effects of dispositional sex-role orientation on bystander intervention in emergencies. 0 undergraduates, classified on the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, participated in a simulated group treatment via headphones. One member of the group apparently had a choking fit and called for help. Highly masculine Ss were less likely to take action to help the victim than were other Ss. Femin inity and actual gender had no effect on likelihood of helping. Results are interpreted according to past research evidence that passing masculine Ss fear potential embarrassment and loss of poise, so they may be reluctant to intervene in emergencies. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) ___________________________________________________________ _____________________- 3-HELP NOW CONSENT Confidential Reporting HOME How to HELP What is ? sum total Use and Sexual Assault Parents Faculty Staff Community Commitment Education Opportunities F A Qs Police Services and Legal Issues Bystanders Can jockstrap A bystander is individual in a crowd who sees a potentially dangerous situation and makes a choice to assist or not to assist. A bystander can protect the values of safety, trust, and honor that are central to our community. The Good Samaritan Less common than you might destine.In 1968 researchers Darley & Latane conducted an experiment in which a s tudent pretended to hand a seizure and the experimenters record how often others stopped to help. When totally one bystander was watching the scene, the student was helped 85% of the time. However, if in that respect were five bystanders, the student was nevertheless helped 31% of the time. Does this make sense? Shouldnt having more people afford increase the chances that individual will get help? Amazingly, this is not the case. We all take cues from those around us approximately how to act in different situations.In emergency situations, many things prohibit bystanders from intervening If no one else is acting, it is hard to go against the crowd. People may feel that they are run a risking embarrassment. (What if Im rail at and they dont need help? ) They may think there is someone else in the group who is more qualified to help. They may think that the situation does not call for help since no one else is doing anything. With each individual taking cues from people aro und them, a common reply is that no action is taken. What can we do close to this problem?As members of the WSU community we all have a responsibility to help each other. Avoid being a bystander Intervene disregardless of what others are doing and dont be worried about being wrong it is better to be wrong than to have done nothing at all. 1. I am a bystander. What can I do? Be on the verbalism-out for potentially dangerous situations. Learn how to recognize indications of potentially dangerous situations. Here are some examples of red flag behaviors related to sexual assault Inappropriate touching Suggestive remarks examen boundaries do by set boundaries Inappropriate intimacy Attempts to isolate someone Pressuring someone to drink Violent behaviors Targeting someone who is visibly imp haloed 2. If I were in this situation, would I unavoidableness someone to help me? If a situation makes us uncomfor slacken, we may try to dismiss it as not being a problem. You may tell yours elf that the other soul will be fine, that he or she is not as intoxicated as you think, or that the person is able to defend him/herself. This is not a solution The person may need your help more than you think When in doubt, TRUST YOUR GUT. Instincts are there for a reason.When a situation makes us feel uncomfortable, it is a generally a good indicator that something is not right. It is better to be wrong about the situation than do nothing. Many people feel reluctant to intervene in a situation because they are afraid of making a scene or feel as though a person would ask for help if it were call for. 3. You have the responsibility to intervene. You may be thinking No one else is helping it must not be a problem People who are dismal dont think this is a problem, maybe Im wrong? Jims sincerely prudent and hes not intervening why should I?Many people do not intervene in a potentially dangerous situation because they are looking to others for cues on how to act or they believe someone else will intervene. precisely IT IS YOUR responsibility to act as a Cougar, as a friend to all other students, and as a member of WSUs community of trust and safety. 4. You have the skills to act Learn effective intervention techniques fall out out for other members of the WSU community Come up with a plan beforehand Talk to your friends about how they would privation you to intervene if they are in an uncomfortable situation. Choose the intervention strategy that is best for the situation. push a breath and make your move References Berkowitz, A. Understanding the role of bystander behavior. US Department of Educations 20th one-year National Meeting on Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse and Violence Pr takingsion in Higher Education, Arlington, VA Darley, J. M. , Latane, B. (1968). Bystander intervention in emergencies Diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8, 377-383. Cialdini, R. B. (2001) Influence Science and Practice. Needham Hei ghts, MA Allyn Bacon -Counseling Services, PO Box 641065, Washington State University, Pullman WA 99164- 4- bran-new York News Views Interactive Reporting from CUNY grade School of Journalism office Skip to contentHomeAboutWhat Would You Do? NYC Robbery Bystanders Fail to Help Posted on October 8, 2010 by Brendaliss Gonzalez Courtesy NYPD CompStat Unit You think youre the only one, and then you remember, you live in New York- youre never the only one. According to New York City Police Department depicts, by folk this year, 66,691 people had been victims of robbery, including assault, burglary and grand larceny.Its amazing how many people can tell you their story of being mugged in the city, even more surprising are the stories that occurred in broad daylight, with witnesses who seemed to have pulled a disappearance act during the occurrence. Two weeks ago, a pair of robberies at ATMs in Columbus order and West 23rd occurred in broad daylight, shocking each of the victims who believed they were playing it safe by leaving out at early hours. The report fails to mention anyone around them stopping to help. A pregnant cleaning lady was also robbed and attacked in Gramercy Park when coming home from a doctors ap stagecoachment- any witnesses?Who knows? And lets not forget the story in April when a homeless man lay unused for hours aft(prenominal) being knifed to death in a heroic attempt to keep on a womanhood being robbed- witnesses and passerbys caught on camera walking past the dead body without even calling for help. The excuse? Most assumed another already called the police. You would think that with so many people having experienced being mugged, most would readily lend a hand or just dial 911 when seeing someone else be mugged. Yet most of the time, no one even flinches.In a busy, dog-eat-dog city like New York, the attitude seems to be more of each man for himself. - So, this poses a question that will require you to look deep down and really be honest. Would you stop to help someone being robbed or assaulted? Or would you carry them to fight their own fight? Besides, you dont want to have to relive that kind of experience, putting yourself in danger that would just be stupid, right? 5-The Bystander put Carol Hensell Program Manager ADHS SVPEP Phoenix, AZ October 2009If you work in the field of violence prevention, you are belike familiar with the story of Kitty Genovese. In New York, 1964 Kitty Genovese was murdered on the street while 38 witnesses watched from their flatcars and failed to intervene. Her story has become influential to the field of social psychology and has promoted the development of suppositions around the psychology of helping or bystander effect (Latane Darley, 1970). The bystander effect is described as the idea that individuals are more likely to help when altogether than when in the company of others (Latane Darley, 1970).There is a large amount of books examining helping behaviors and trying to understand under what conditions do people decide to help others and models of the bystander effect have developed over time. The literature includes stu lives that exa exploit individual and situational circumstanceors that promote or hinder pro-social bystander intervention (Banyard, Moynihan, Plante, 2007). Factors that have been entrap to affect helping behavior are group size, which accounts for the airing of responsibility or the idea that someone else will intervene. Perceptions and reactions to situations are negatively affected by the forepart of other people.These perceptions can be either real or imagined. Other studies have found that if a group is cohesive and confabulation occurs, a consensus to help develops and they are more likely to intervene (Banyard, Moynihan, Plante, 2007). Living in a uncouth environment may increase the likelihood of someone intervening (Banyard, Moynihan, Plante, 2007). Inter face-to-face factors that affect if a person inte rvenes includes mood, individual perceptions of the event, mood, nature of relationship to the person in need of help, and perceptions that will be able to truly help the person (Banyard, Moynihan, Plante, 2007).There appears to be ambiguity around intervening in several situations, curiously those that are violent. Norms about what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior in particular social contexts are found in most aspects of individuals daily lives and they also exist in the area of helping behaviors (Hart Miethe, 2008). Understanding these norms can facilitate a greater understanding of bystander behaviors and contribute to creation effective programs for change magnitude bystander certifiedness and behaviors in the area of sexual violence prevention.Exploring the bystander effect is important because bystander actions and reactions may affect two the risks of violence and consequences of violence for a victim. A witness or bystander may deter a plague from occurring or their intervention may help a victim if a violent attack is in progress (Hart Miethe, 2008). Many people believe that violent curses occur in secluded throw ins out of the site of others. However, many crimes are committed in the presence of a social audience (Hart Miethe, 2008).According to a National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) completed in the 1990s, bystanders were present in approximately 70% of assaults, 52% of robberies, and 29% of rapes and sexual assault (Planty, 2002 as cited in Hart Miethe, 2008). - When set about with a potentially dangerous situation, bystanders have choices. They can choose to do nothing, provide in lead support (calling police or others to help), or directly intervene. 6 - RemNot So Innocent Bystanders By Sara on March 11, 2010 338 PM 1 Comment 0 TrackBacks Should bystanders of crime be convicted? There is almost eer something that a bystander can do to help stop crime against another human. If the criminal is waving a weapon syst em around, it is understandable that not many bystanders would footmark up to the plate. However, there have been many cases lately that have shown how little bystanders do to help a person in need, when they are fully able to. many of these bystanders really JOIN the perpetrator.The links I have posted here show video of a woman being beaten in a subway, with subway officers there. The officers say that it is not their job to tonus in, and they called for reinforcement. Whoever said that maltreatping in is not permitting was obviously not there, and did not see how important it is that they DO step in. The second video is a news report of a high school girl who was hoop raped outside of her homecoming dance. People watched and jeered, and some who had just been walking by joined in to rape her. Some even recorded the event on their cell-phone cameras.But no one helped these victims. hold up semester I took Social Psychology and learned about the Kitty Genovese case. This wom an was killed outside of her apartment complex as her neighbors watched and listened. They were given ample time to go out and help her or call for police after the killer had left. No one did anything. This is known as the bystander effect, which is sometimes caused by diffusion of responsibility. Bystanders think, Someone else will surely help, someone else has probably already done something, yea, I dont have to do anything. But often no one helpsThis cannot be used as an excuse. These people are almost as guilty as the perpetrator and should be convicted too. TagsBystander,bystander effect,diffusion of responsibilty,Kitty Genovese,Social PsychologyNo TrackBacksember, when people intervene for the good of others, it creates a safer community. 7- Dont notwithstanding Stand There Do Something A community where people intervene for the good of others is a safer community. The Bystander essence Forty years ago, Kitty Genovese was attacked and murdered outside her New York City ap artment building. xxxviii people heard her calls for help s they watched from behind their apartment windows. The attack at long lasted more than half an hour. by and by it was over, someone called the police, who arrived within two transactions. That 1964 incident became a textbook case. Why did so many witnesses fail to act? Phoning the police would involve no risk, and likely would have saved Ms. Genoveses life. Social psychologists Latane and Darley1 suggested reasons such as diffusion of responsibility or failure to recognize the true significance of the incident. They concluded that the more people witness an event, the less likely each individual is to intervene.This became known as the Bystander Effect. When a violent incident or emergency occurs, the Bystander Effect is not a mere academic c one timept. In an unpublicized case last summer, seven young men robbed and knifed the 16-year old nephew of a Canada recourse Council staff member, who happened to be walking thr ough a downtown park in a study Canadian city. No one helped the victim or called the police. If the attackers had been caught, they could have faced criminal charges instead of likely going on to commit more crimes. Someone in the crowd must have had a cell phone.Why didnt anyone at least call the police? Numerous incidents like this happen in communities across Canada. Police estimate that only one out of every 10 swarmings is account. The victims, often teenagers, are left scarred and traumatized for life. Such attacks blend many Canadians to fear their communities are unsafe. This fear only makes matters worse by creating abandoned, dangerous streets. Its not that Canadians dont act when they see an urgent situation. There are countless examples of successful intervention, including people who have risked their life to save a stranger.Nonetheless, police and community safety leaders would like to see more bystander involvement. Simply by reporting an urgent situation, a witne ss can prevent it from becoming more serious. Everyone Can Help How can the power of bystanders be harnessed in the inte ministration of public safety? Several factors can encourage people to help strangers in di dialect. When a victim makes it very clear help is needed, people are more likely to intervene. Dont expect bystanders to figure out youre in trouble. Make sure they know. For example, look directly at someone in the crowd and ask for help.Perceived ability to help and perceived risk also determine whether or not a bystander will help. For example, the ubiquitous cell phone empowers users to call for help from almost anywhere, immediately and with little or no risk. Close to six billion emergency calls are placed from mobile phones in Canada each year about half of all calls to emergency numbers. Every day, thousands of Canadians use mobile phones to call for help when they see a crash, a crime in progress or a life-threatening medical emergency. Police urge witnesses of crimes to be attentive and to call 9-1-1 as quickly as possible.Give a good description of the perpetrators, where they came from and where they go after the incident. In 1993, two-year-old James Bulger was murdered in the UK by two older children. Ironically, 38 witnesses saw the toddler being led apart against his will by two older boys. UK researchers looked at the role of bystanders in the tragedy. Dr. Mark Levine2 found that they did not intervene because they persuasion the trio boys were brothers and considered family a tete-a-tete space. after(prenominal) examining other instances of bystander intervention and non-intervention, Dr.Levine concluded that members of a group take responsibility for the safety of others they see as belong to the same group and that the sense of group membership can be broadened. All Canadians must do their part to ensure we continue to live in a safe and civilized society. When you see someone in trouble just think if you were that perso n, what would you want passers-by to do? 9-1-1 Tips for Mobile Phone Users Calls to 9-1-1 are unloose of charge. Do not preprogram 9-1-1 into your phones speed-dial function. Dial 9-1-1 only when the safety of people or property is at risk (e. . a fire, crime in progress or medical emergency). Provide your 10-digit phone number so the operator can call you back. Give your precise location or the location of the emergency. Describe the emergency all the way. Stay on the line until the operator tells you to hang up. Then, leave your phone saturnine on in case the operator calls back. 1 Latane, Bibb Darley, John M. (1968). Group inhibition of bystander intervention in emergencies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10(3), 215-221. 2Levine, Mark (2002). Walk On By?Relational Justice Bulletin (Issue 16, Nov 2002) Safety Canada January 2004 Safety Canada January 2004 - Canadas Silent Tragedy 8- AP PSYCHOLOGY NILAND Chapter 13 Social Psychology paginate 1 of 5 When depart People Help in a Crisis? John M. Darley and Bibb Latane Most of America lives in cities, and it is one of the major tragedies of these times that our cities are in deep trouble. In small towns throughout the country, people still leave their houses unlocked and the keys in their cars when they park.No one living in a rural community would inhalation of stealing from someone else, because everyone knows everyone. Who wants to steal from people he knows? And if you stole a friends car, where could you drive it in a small community that it wouldnt instantly be recognized? When everyone knows everyone, complex social systems are not needed to help alleviate those disasters that strike-the fire and police departments are staffed chiefly by volunteers (who never go on strike), and the welfare department consists of charitable neighbors rather than squads o f social workers.Cities are supposed to be collections of small towns, but in at least one important sense, they are not in a rural community, everyone sees the (often rather crude) machinery of government and feels that it is available to him. In large cities, this machinery is mostly invisible, hidden away in inaccessible Kafkaesque corners. Involvement in local affairs is almost forced on the small-town citizen the apartment dweller in New York withdraws into his own little world not so often because he wants to as because he has no ready means o f participating actively in the life o f his city even if he wants to.And, as John M. Darley and Bibb Latane point out, withdrawal from and lack of concern about ones beastlyow citizens can become a terrible habit. Kitty Genovese is set upon by a maniac as she returns home from work at 3 A. m. Thirty-eight of her neighbors in Kew Gardens come to their windows when she cries out in terror none comes to her assistance even though her stalker takes over half an hour to murder her. No one even so much as calls the police. She dies. Andrew Mormille is stabbed in the sto mach as he rides the A train home to Manhattan.Eleven other riders watch the seventeen-year-old boy as he bleeds to death none comes to his assistance even though his attackers have left the car. He dies. An eighteen-year-old switchboard operator, alone in her office is the Bronx, is raped and beaten. Escaping momentarily, she runs naked and bleeding to the street, emit for help. A crowd of forty passerby gathers and watches as, in broad daylight, the rapist tries to drag her lack upstairs no one interferes. Finally two policemen happen by and arrest her assailant. Eleanor Bradley trips and breaks her leg while obtain on Fifth Avenue.Dazed and in shock, she calls for help, but the hurrying stream of executives and shoppers simply parts and flows past. After forty minutes a taxi driver helps her to a doctor. The shocking thing about these cases is that so many people failed to suffice. If only one or two had ignored the victim, we might be able to understand their inactiveness. But when thirty-eight people, or eleven people, or hundreds of people fail to help, we become disturbed. Actually, this fact that shocks us so much is itself the clue to understanding these cases.Although it seems obvious that the more people who watch a victim in distress, the more likely someone will help, what really happens is exactly the opposite. If each member of a group of bystanders is aware that other people are also present, he will be less likely to notice the emergency, less likely to decide that it is an emergency, and less likely to act even if he thinks there is an emergency. This is a surprising assertion-what we are saying is that the victim may actually be less likely to get help, the more people who watch his distress and are available to help.We shall establish in detail the process through which an individual bystander must go in order to intervene, and we shall present the results of some experiments designed to show the effects of the number of onlookers on the likelihood of intervention. Since we started research on bystander resolutions to emergencies, we have heard many explanations for the lack of intervention. I would assign this to the effect of the megapolis in which we live, which makes closeness very serious and leads to the alienation of the individual from the group, contributed a psychoanalyst. A disaster syndrome, explained a sociologist, that shook the sense of safety and sureness of the individuals involved and caused psychological withdrawal from the event by ignoring it. Apathy, claimed others. Indifference. The gratification of unconscious sadistic impulses. Lack of concern for our fellow men. The Cold Society. All of these analyses of the person who fails to help share one characteristic they set the inert witness apart from the rest of us as a different kind of person.Certainly not one of us who reads about these incidents in horror is apathetic, alienated, or depersonalized. Certainly not AP PSYCHOLOGY NIL AND Chapter 13 Social Psychology Page 2 of 5 one of us enjoys gratifying his sadistic impulses by watching others suffer. These terrifying cases in which people fail to help others certainly have no personal implications for us. That is, we might decide not to ride subways anymore, or that New York isnt even a nice place to visit, or there ought to be a law against apathy, but we need not feel guilty, or reexamine ourselves.Looking more well-nigh at published descriptions of the behavior of witnesses to these incidents, the people involved arrest to look a little less inhuman and a lot more like the rest of us. Although it is unquestionably true that the witnesses in the incidents above did nothing to save the victims, apathy, indifference, and unconcern are not wholly accurate descriptions of their reactions. The thirty-eight witnesses of Kitty Genoveses murder did not merely look at the scene once and then ignore it. They continued to stare out of their windows at what was goi ng on.Caught, fascinated, distressed, unwilling to act but unavailing to turn away, their behavior was neither helpful nor heroic but it was not indifferent or apathetic. Actually, it was like crowd behavior in many other emergency situations. Car accidents, drownings, fires, and attempted suicides all attract substantial numbers of people who watch the drama in helpless fascination without acquire directly involved in the action. Are these people alienated and indifferent? Are the rest of us? Obviously not. Why, then, dont we act?The bystander to an emergency has to make a series of endings about what is happening and what he will do about it. The consequences of these decisions will determine his actions. There are three things he must do if he is to intervene notice that something is happening, interpret that event as an emergency, and decide that he has personal responsibility for intervention. If he fails to notice the event, if he decides that it is not an emergency, or if he concludes that he is not personally responsible for acting, he will leave the victim unhelped. This state of affairs is shown graphically as a decision tree. Only one path through this decision tree leads to intervention all others lead to a failure to help. As we shall show, at each fork of the path in the decision tree, the presence of other bystanders may lead a person down the branch of not helping. Noticing The First Step reflect that an emergency is actually taking place a middle-aged man has a heart attack. He stops short, clutches his chest, and staggers to the nearest building wall, where he slowly slumps to the sidewalk in a sitting position. What is the likelihood that a passerby will come to his assistance?First, the bystander has to notice that something is happening. The external event has to break into his thinking and intrude itself on his conscious mind. He must tear himself away from his private thoughts and pay attention to this unusual event. But Americans co nsider it bad manners to look too closely at other people in public. We are taught to respect the privacy of others, and when among strangers, we do this by end our ears and avoiding staring at others-we are embarrassed if caught doing otherwise. In a crowd, then, each person is less likely to notice the outset sign of a potential emergency than when alone.Experimental evidence corroborates this everyday observation. Darley and Latane asked college students to an query about their reactions to urban living. As the students waited to see the interviewer, either by themselves or with two other students, they gormandize up out a preliminary questionnaire. Solitary students often glanced idly about the get on while pick out their questionnaires those in groups, to avoid seeming rudely inquisitive, kept their eyes on their own papers. As part of the study, we staged an emergency roll of tobacco was released into the delay room through a vent.Twothirds of the subjects who were al one when the smoke appeared noticed it immediately, but only a quarter of the subjects waiting in groups saw it as quickly. Even after the room had completely filled with smoke one subject from a group of three finally looked up and exclaimed, God I must be smoking too much Although at last all the subjects did become aware of the smoke, this study sharpens that the more people present, the slower an individual may be to perceive that an emergency does exist and the more likely he is not to see it at all. formerly an event is noticed, an onlooker must decide whether or not it is truly an emergency.Emergencies are not always clearly labeled as such smoke pouring from a building or into a waiting room may be caused by a fire, or it may merely testify a leak in a steam pipe. Screams -in the street may signal an assault or a family quarrel. A man lying in a doorway may be having a coronary, suffering from diabetic coma, or he may simply be sleeping off a drunken night. And in any un usual situation, Candid Camera may be watching. A person trying to decide whether or not a given situation is an emergency often refers to the reactions of those around him he looks at them to see how he should react himself.If everyone else is calm and indifferent, he will tend to tolerate calm and indifferent if everyone else is reacting strongly, he will become aroused. This tendency is not merely slavish consent ordinarily we derive much valuable information about new situations from how others around us behave. Its a rare traveler who, in picking a roadside restaurant, chooses to stop at one with no cars in the parking lot. AP PSYCHOLOGY NILAND Chapter 13 Social Psychology Page 3 of 5 But occasionally the reactions of others provide false information.The studied nonchalance of patients in a dentists waiting room is a poor indication of the pain awaiting them. In general, it is considered embarrassing to look overly concerned, to seem flustered, to lose your cool down in pub lic. When we are not alone, most of us try to seem less anxious than we really are. In a potentially dangerous situation, then, everyone present will appear more detached than he is in fact. Looking at the apparent impassivity and lack of reaction of the others, each person is led to believe that nothing really is wrong.Meanwhile the danger may be mounting, to the point where a sensation person, uninfluenced by the seeming calm of others, would react. A crowd can thus force inaction on its members by implying, through its passivity and apparent indifference, that an event is not an emergency. Any individual in such a crowd is uncomfortably aware that hell look like a fool if he behaves as though it were-and in these circumstances, until someone acts, no one acts. In the smoke-filled-room study, the smoke trickling from the wall constituted an ambiguous but potentially dangerous situation.How did the presence of other people affect a persons response to the situation? Typically, t hose who were in the waiting room by themselves noticed the smoke at once, gave a slight startle reaction, hesitated, got up and went over to investigate the smoke, hesitated again, and then left the room to find somebody to tell about the smoke. No one showed any signs of panic, but over three-quarters of these people were concerned enough to report the smoke. Others went through an identical experience but in groups of three strangers. Their behavior was radically different.Typically, once someone noticed the smoke, he would look at the other people, see them doing nothing, shrug his shoulders, and then go back to his questionnaire, casting covert glances first at the smoke and then at the others. From these three-person groups, only three out of twenty- quad people reported the smoke. The inhibiting effect of the group was so strong that the other twenty-one were willing to sit in a room filled with smoke rather than make themselves conspicuous by reacting with alarm and concern- this despite the fact that after three or four minutes the tmosphere in the waiting room grew most unpleasant. Even though they coughed, rubbed their eyes, tried to wave the smoke away, and dedicateed the window, they apparently were unable to bring themselves to leave. These dramatic differences between the behavior of people alone and those in a group indicate that the group imposed a definition of the situation upon its members that inhibited action. A leak in the air conditioning, said one person when we asked him what he thought caused the smoke. Must be chemistry labs in the building. go pipes. Truth gas to make us give true answers on the questionnaire, reported the more imaginative. There were many explanations for the smoke, but they all had one thing in common they did not mention the word fire. In defining the situation as a non-emergency, people explained to themselves why the other observers did not leave the room they also removed any reason for action themselves. T he other members of the group acted as non-responsive models for each person-and as an audience for any inappropriate action he might consider. In such a situation it is all too easy to do nothing.The results of this study clearly and strongly support the predictions. But are they general? Would the same effect show up with other emergencies, or is it limited to situations like the smoke study involving danger to the self as well as to others-or to situations in which theres no clearly defined victim? It may be that our college-age male subjects played chicken with one another to see who would lose face by first fleeing the room. It may be that groups were less likely to respond because no particular person was in danger.To see how generalize these results were, Latane and Judith Rodin set up a second experiment, in which the emergency would cause no danger-for the bystander, and in which a specific person was in trouble. Subjects were paid $50 to participate in a survey of game and puzzle preferences conducted at Columbia by the Consumer Testing Bureau (CTB). An attractive young woman, the market-research representative, met them at the door and took them to the testing room. On the way, they passed the CTB office and through its open door they could see filing cabinets and a desk nd bookcases piled high with papers. They entered the adjacent testing room, which contained a table and chairs and a variety of games, where they were given a preliminary background information and game preference questionnaire to fill out. The representative told subjects that she would be working next door in her office for about ten minutes while they completed the questionnaires, and left by enterprisingness the collapsible curtain that divided the two rooms. She do sure the subjects knew that the Curtain was unlocked, easily opened, and a means of entry to her office.The representative stayed in her office, shuffling papers, opening drawers, and making enough noise to remind the subjects of her presence. Four minutes after leaving the testing area, she turned on a high-fidelity stereophonic tape recorder. AP PSYCHOLOGY NILAND Chapter 13 Social Psychology Page 4 of 5 If the subject listened carefully, he heard the representative climb up on a chair to reach for a stack of papers on the bookcase. Even if he were not sense of hearing carefully, he heard a loud crash and a scream as the chair collapsed and she fell to the floor. Oh, my God, my foot . . . I . . . I . . . cant move it. Oh . . . my ankle, the representative moaned. I . . . cant get this . . . thing . . . off me. She cried and moaned for about a minute longer, but the cries gradually got more subdued and controlled. Finally she muttered something about getting outside, knocked over the chair as she pulled herself up, and thumped to the door, closing it behind her as she left. This drama lasted about two minutes. Some people were alone in the waiting room when the accident occurred. Some 70 percent of them offered to help the victim before she left the room.Many came through the curtain to offer their assistance, others simply called out to offer their help. Others faced the emergency in pairs. Only 20 percent of this group eight out of forty offered to help the victim. The other thirty-two remained unresponsive to her cries of distress. Again, the presence of other bystanders inhibited action. And again, the non-interveners seemed to have decided the event was not an emergency. They were unsure what had happened, but whatever it was, it was not too serious. A mild sprain, some said. I didnt want to embarrass her. In a real emergency, they assured us, they would be among the first to help the victim. Perhaps they would be, but in this situation they did not help, because for them the event was not defined as an emergency. Again, solitary people undefended to a potential emergency reacted more frequently than those exposed in groups. We found that the action-inhibitin g effects of other bystanders works in two different situations, one of which involves risking danger to oneself and the other of which involves helping an injured woman.The result seems sufficiently general so that we may assume it operates to inhibit helping in real-life emergencies. Diffused province Even if a person has noticed an event and defined it as an emergency, the fact that he knows that other bystanders also witnessed it may still make him less likely to intervene. Others may inhibit intervention because they make a person feel that his responsibility is diffused and diluted. Each soldier in a loss squad feels less personally responsible for killing a man than he would if he alone pulled the trigger.Likewise, any person in a crowd of onlookers may feel less responsibility for parsimony a life than if he alone witnesses the emergency. If your car breaks down on a busy highway, hundreds of drivers whir by without anyones stopping to help if you are stuck on a nearly d eserted country road, whoever passes you first is apt to stop. The personal responsibility that a passerby feels makes the difference. A driver on a solitary road knows that if he doesnt stop to help, the person will not get help the same individual on the crowded highway feels he personally is no more responsible than any of a hundred other drivers.So even though an event clearly is an emergency, any person in a group who sees an emergency may feel less responsible, simply because any other bystander is every bit responsible for helping. This diffusion of responsibility might have occurred in the famous Kitty Genovese case, in which the observers were walled off from each other in separate apartments. From the silhouettes against windows, all that could be told was that others were also watching. . To test this line of thought, Darley and Latane simulated an emergency in a setting designed to resemble Kitty Genoveses murder. People overheard a victim calling for help.Some knew the y were the only one to hear the victims cries, the rest believed other people were aware of the victims distress. As with the Genovese witnesses, subjects could not see each other or know what others were doing. The kind of direct group inhibition found in the smoke and fallen-woman studies could not operate. For the simulation, we recruited male and female students at New York University to participate in a group discussion. Each student was put in an individual room equipped with a set of headphones and a microphone and told to listen for instructions over the headphones.The instructions inform the participant that the discussion was to consider personal problems of the normal college student in a high-pressure urban university. It was explained that, because participants might feel embarrassed about discussing personal problems publicly, several precautions had been taken to, ensure their anonymity they would not meet the other people face to face, and the experimenter would not listen to the initial discussion but would only ask for their reactions later.Each person was to talk in turn. The first to talk reported that he found it difficult to adjust to New York and his studies. Then, very hesitantly and with obvious embarrassment, he mentioned that he was prone to flyaway seizures, similar to but not really the same as epilepsy. These occurred particularly when he was under the stresses of studying and being graded. Other people then discussed their own problems in turn. The number of other people in the discussion varied.But whatever the perceived size of the group two, three, or six people-only the subject was actually present the others, as well as the instructions and the speeches of the victim-to-be, were present only on a prerecorded tape. When it again was the first persons turn to talk, after a few comments he launched into the following AP PSYCHOLOGY NILAND Chapter 13 Social Psychology Page 5 of 5 performance, getting increasingly louder with increasing speech difficulties I can see a lot of er of er how other peoples problems are similar to mine ecause er er I mean er its er I mean some of the er same er kinds of things that I have and an er Im sure that every everybody has and er er I mean er theyre not er e-easy to handle sometimes and er I er er be upsetting like er er and er I er um I think I I need er if if could er er somebody er er er er er give me give me a little er give me a little help here because er I er Im er h-h-having a a a a a real problem er right now and I er if somebody could help me out it would it would er er s-s-sure be sure be good be . . because er there er er a cause I er uh Ive got a a one of the er seiz-er er things coming on and and and I c-could really er use er some h-help s-so if somebody would er give me a little h-help uh er-er-er-er-er c-could somebody er er help er uh uh uh choking sounds . . . Im gonna die er er Im . . . gonna . . .. die er help er er seizure er er . . . chokes, then quiet. While this was going on, the experimenter waited outside the students door to see how soon he would emerge to move with the emergency.Rather to our surprise, some people sat through the entire fit without helping a disproportionately large percentage of these non-responders were from the largest-size group. Some 85 percent of the people who believed themselves to be alone with the victim came out of their rooms to help, while 62 percent of the people who believed there was one other bystander did so. Of those who believed there were four other bystanders, only 31 percent reported the fit before the tape ended.The responsibility-diluting effect of other people was so strong that single individuals were more than twice as likely to report the emergency as those who thought other people also knew about it. The Moral Dilemma Felt by Those Who Do Not Respond People who failed to report the emergency showed few signs of apathy and indifference thought to characterize unresponsive bystanders. When the experimenter entered the room to end the situation, the subject often asked if the victim was all right. Many of these people showed physical signs of nervousness they often had trembling hands and sweating palms.If anything, they seemed more emotionally aroused than did those who reported the emergency. Their emotional arousal was in sharp contrast to the behavior of the non-responding subjects in the smoke and fallen-woman studies. Those subjects were calm and unconcerned when their experiments were over. Having interpreted the events as non-emergencies, there was no reason for them to be otherwise. It was only the subjects who did not respond in the face of the clear emergency represented by the fit who felt the moral dilemma. Why, then, didnt they respond? It is our stamp that non-intervening subjects had not decided not to respond.Rather, they were still in a state of indecision and conflict concerning whether to respond or not. The emotional behavior o f these non-responding subjects was a sign of their continuing conflict a conflict that other people resolved by responding. The distinction seems an academic one for the victim, since he gets no help in either case, but it is an extremely important one for understanding why bystanders fail to help. The evidence is clear, then, that the presence of other bystanders and the various ways these other bystanders affect our decision processes make a difference in how likely we are to give help in an emergency.The presence of strangers may keep us from noticing an emergency at all group behavior may lead us to define the situation as one that does not require action and when other people are there to share the essence of responsibility, we may feel less obligated to do something when action is required. Therefore, it will often be the case that the more people who witness his distress, the less likely it is that the victim of an emergency will get help. Thus, the stamp of the unconcerne d, depersonalized homo urbanis, blandly watching the misfortunes of others, proves inaccurate.Instead, we find a bystander to an emergency is an anguished individual in good doubt, concerned to do the right thing but compelled to make complex decisions under pressure of stress and fear. His reactions are shaped by the actions of others and all too frequently by their inaction. And we are that bystander. Caught up by the apparent indifference of others, we may pass by an emergency without helping or even realizing that help is needed. Aware of the influence of those around us, however, we can resist it. We can choose to see distress and step forward to relieve it.